Renal 2

The following 3 definitions are intended to be answered as a set

Define Homeostasis:

Water gradient across the skin
Tendency of a solution to resist expansion of intracellular volume
effective gradient for water (count of dissolved particles)
Maintenance of a nearly constant internal environment

Define osmolality:
Tendency of a solution to resist expansion of intracellular volume
effective gradient for water (count of dissolved particles)
Water gradient across the skin
Maintenance of a nearly constant internal environment

Define tonicity:
effective gradient for water (count of dissolved particles)
Tendency of a solution to resist expansion of intracellular volume
Maintenance of a nearly constant internal environment
Water gradient across the skin

	Concentration of solute particles (Lower, Same, Higher)		Will cause cells to (Shrink, Same, Swell)
Hyperosmotic		Hypertonic
Isosmotic		Isotonic
Hypoosmotic		Hypotonic

Which is able to cross a semi-permeable membrane?
Proteins
Na⁺
CO(NH₂)₂
Cl^-

A 300 mM solution of NaCl would have an osmolality of?
300 mM
10 mM
600 mM
150 mM

A 300 mM solution of glucose would have an osmolality of?
150 mM
10 mM
600 mM
300 mM

Which statement is false?
Intracellular fluid makes up 2/3 of the body's fluids
There is about 2.8L of fluid in plasma within the body
Females have slightly less water per kilogram than males
Most of the fluid in the body is in blood

Which is the correct ranking for water loss?
Kidneys>Skin>Gut>Lungs
KidneysKidneys>Skin>Lungs>Gut
Kidneys>Gut>Skin>Lungs

Which has a strong gradient out of the cell?
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Calcium

Which is not an important electrolyte?
HCO₃^-
Mg²⁺
Protein anions
F^-