Renal 2

The following 3 definitions are intended to be answered as a set

Define Homeostasis:

Maintenance of a nearly constant internal environment
Water gradient across the skin
effective gradient for water (count of dissolved particles)
Tendency of a solution to resist expansion of intracellular volume

Define osmolality:
effective gradient for water (count of dissolved particles)
Tendency of a solution to resist expansion of intracellular volume
Maintenance of a nearly constant internal environment
Water gradient across the skin

Define tonicity:
Water gradient across the skin
Tendency of a solution to resist expansion of intracellular volume
effective gradient for water (count of dissolved particles)
Maintenance of a nearly constant internal environment

	Concentration of solute particles (Lower, Same, Higher)		Will cause cells to (Shrink, Same, Swell)
Hyperosmotic		Hypertonic
Isosmotic		Isotonic
Hypoosmotic		Hypotonic

Which is able to cross a semi-permeable membrane?
Cl^-
Na⁺
CO(NH₂)₂
Proteins

A 300 mM solution of NaCl would have an osmolality of?
10 mM
150 mM
300 mM
600 mM

A 300 mM solution of glucose would have an osmolality of?
300 mM
600 mM
150 mM
10 mM

Which statement is false?
Most of the fluid in the body is in blood
Females have slightly less water per kilogram than males
There is about 2.8L of fluid in plasma within the body
Intracellular fluid makes up 2/3 of the body's fluids

Which is the correct ranking for water loss?
Kidneys>Gut>Skin>Lungs
Kidneys>Skin>Lungs>Gut
KidneysKidneys>Skin>Gut>Lungs

Which has a strong gradient out of the cell?
Calcium
Chloride
Potassium
Sodium

Which is not an important electrolyte?
F^-
Mg²⁺
Protein anions
HCO₃^-