Renal 2

The following 3 definitions are intended to be answered as a set

Define Homeostasis:

Maintenance of a nearly constant internal environment
Water gradient across the skin
effective gradient for water (count of dissolved particles)
Tendency of a solution to resist expansion of intracellular volume

Define osmolality:
effective gradient for water (count of dissolved particles)
Tendency of a solution to resist expansion of intracellular volume
Maintenance of a nearly constant internal environment
Water gradient across the skin

Define tonicity:
Maintenance of a nearly constant internal environment
Tendency of a solution to resist expansion of intracellular volume
Water gradient across the skin
effective gradient for water (count of dissolved particles)

	Concentration of solute particles (Lower, Same, Higher)		Will cause cells to (Shrink, Same, Swell)
Hyperosmotic		Hypertonic
Isosmotic		Isotonic
Hypoosmotic		Hypotonic

Which is able to cross a semi-permeable membrane?
Na⁺
CO(NH₂)₂
Proteins
Cl^-

A 300 mM solution of NaCl would have an osmolality of?
10 mM
600 mM
300 mM
150 mM

A 300 mM solution of glucose would have an osmolality of?
150 mM
300 mM
600 mM
10 mM

Which statement is false?
Most of the fluid in the body is in blood
Females have slightly less water per kilogram than males
Intracellular fluid makes up 2/3 of the body's fluids
There is about 2.8L of fluid in plasma within the body

Which is the correct ranking for water loss?
Kidneys>Skin>Lungs>Gut
Kidneys>Skin>Gut>Lungs
Kidneys>Gut>Skin>Lungs
Kidneys

Which has a strong gradient out of the cell?
Chloride
Sodium
Calcium
Potassium

Which is not an important electrolyte?
F^-
HCO₃^-
Mg²⁺
Protein anions